SolidsWiki - User contributions [en]

Ball Couplings

2013-11-19T15:19:11Z

Maksud:

[[Category:Mechanical Components]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Ball Couplings.jpg|thumb|right|Ball Couplings]]
'''Ball Couplings''' transmit torque with the balls fitted in between a groove of the outer hub and indentations of the inner hub. They are especially capable of absorbing end play and angular misalignment. Double typed couplings further offer excellent tolerance to large parallel misalignment.The ball coupling forms the connection between towing vehicle and trailer.

An on-road BALL COUPLING has limited movement & therefore is not generally suited to off-road use. This diagram on left shows the limited vertical movement. Major trouble can develop with this type of coupling off-road if the tongue bottoms out into the hitches casting & breaks a piece out of the coupling, rendering it useless. Ball couplings as shown right with hydraulic over-rider brakes have a 360 degree swivel sideways.

==Video==
<youtube>qav9KfsqYiM</youtube>

Mobile Screeners

2013-11-01T08:03:47Z

Maksud:

[[Category:Separating]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Mobile_Screeners_01.jpg|thumb|right|Mobile Screener]]
[[File:Mobile_Screeners_02.jpg|thumb|right|Mobile Screener]]
A '''Mobile Screener''' is an advance screening of a film sent to critics, awards voters, video stores (for their manager and employees), and other film industry professionals, including producers and distributors. Screeners help critics and award voters see smaller movies that don't have the marketing advantage or distribution of major studio releases. Positive mentions can result in awards consideration. A screener often has no post-processing.

==Advantages==
*Fast setup time
*Clean at any bin site
*High capacity
*Low H.P. under 5 H.P.
*Ball cleaning/screens stay clean
*Very large screen area
*Counterbalanced smooth operation
*Variable pitch, shake, and speed.

==Video==
<youtube>qQnCpZaTKGM</youtube>

File:Mobile Screeners 02.jpg

2013-11-01T08:02:29Z

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File:Mobile Screeners 01.jpg

2013-11-01T08:02:27Z

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Vibratory Gutters

2013-10-06T12:15:22Z

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[[Category:Vibratory Feeders]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Vibratory_Gutter_01.jpg|thumb|right|Sample Vibratory Gutter]]
A towed or '''vibratory gutter''' with a motor-driven vibrating mechanism.General features of a vibratory gutter are as follows-
*Distributes and feeds multihead weigher systems uniformly, through vibration

*The equipment counts on a flow and vibration regulation system, adapting to any kind of product

*Parts in contact with the product are built in stainless steel or other sanitary material

*Developed and manufactured with the Masipack standard of quality

==Video==
<youtube>AtZQkZHnG30</youtube>

File:Vibratory Gutter 01.jpg

2013-10-06T12:13:53Z

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Barcode Labels

2013-10-06T11:30:10Z

Maksud:

[[Category:Packaging Materials]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Barcode_Labels_01.jpg|thumb|right|Sample Barcode]]
[[File:Barcode_Labels_02.gif|thumb|right|Product Barcode Labels]]
A '''barcode label''' is an optical machine-readable representation of data relating to the object to which it is attached. Originally barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions (2D). Although 2D systems use a variety of symbols, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers. Later, scanners and interpretive software became available on devices including desktop printers and smartphones.

An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Developed by General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes representing things such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number.The plates were "read" by a trackside scanner located, for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard while the car was moving past. The project was abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use in the field.

Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). The very first scanning of the now ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974.

==History==
In 1948 Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US overheard the president of the local food chain, Food Fair, asking one of the deans to research a system to automatically read product information during checkout. Silver told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems. Their first working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink faded too easily and was rather expensive.

Convinced that the system was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his father's apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. His next inspiration came from Morse code, and he formed his first barcode from sand on the beach. "I just extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines out of them." To read them, he adapted technology from optical soundtracks in movies, using a 500-watt incandescent light bulb shining through the paper onto an RCA935 photomultiplier tube (from a movie projector) on the far side. He later decided that the system would work better if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, allowing it to be scanned in any direction.

On 20 October 1949 Woodland and Silver filed a patent application for "Classifying Apparatus and Method", in which they described both the linear and bullseye printing patterns, as well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the code. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as US Patent 2,612,994. In 1951, Woodland moved to IBM and continually tried to interest IBM in developing the system. The company eventually commissioned a report on the idea, which concluded that it was both feasible and interesting, but that processing the resulting information would require equipment that was some time off in the future.

===Collins at Sylvania===
During his time as an undergraduate, David Collins worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became aware of the need to automatically identify railroad cars. Immediately after receiving his master's degree from MIT in 1959, he started work at GTE Sylvania and began addressing the problem. He developed a system called KarTrak using blue and yellow reflective stripes attached to the side of the cars, encoding a six-digit company identifier and a four-digit car number. Light reflected off the stripes was fed into one of two photomultipliers, filtered for blue or yellow.

The Boston and Maine Railroad tested the KarTrak system on their gravel cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the Association of American Railroads (AAR) selected it as a standard, Automatic Car Identification, across the entire North American fleet. The installations began on 10 October 1967. However, the economic downturn and rash of bankruptcies in the industry in the early 1970s greatly slowed the rollout, and it was not until 1974 that 95% of the fleet was labeled. To add to its woes, the system was found to be easily fooled by dirt in certain applications, which greatly affected accuracy. The AAR abandoned the system in the late 1970s, and it was not until the mid-1980s that they introduced a similar system, this time based on radio tags.

The railway project had failed, but a toll bridge in New Jersey requested a similar system so that it could quickly scan for cars that had purchased a monthly pass. Then the U.S. Post Office requested a system to track trucks entering and leaving their facilities. These applications required special retroreflector labels. Finally, Kal Kan asked the Sylvania team for a simpler (and cheaper) version which they could put on cases of pet food for inventory control.

===Computer Identics Corporation===
In 1967, with the railway system maturing, Collins went to management looking for funding for a project to develop a black-and-white version of the code for other industries. They declined, saying that the railway project was large enough and they saw no need to branch out so quickly.

Collins then quit Sylvania and formed Computer Identics Corporation. Computer Identics started working with helium-neon lasers in place of light bulbs, scanning with a mirror to locate the barcode anywhere up to several feet in front of the scanner. This made the entire process much simpler and more reliable, as well as allowing it to deal with damaged labels by reading the intact portions.

Computer Identics Corporation installed one of its first two scanning systems in the spring of 1969 at a General Motors (Buick) factory in Flint, Michigan. The system was used to identify a dozen types of transmissions moving on an overhead conveyor from production to shipping. The other scanning system was installed at General Trading Company's distribution center in Carlstadt, New Jersey to direct shipments to the proper loading bay.

===Universal Product Code===
In 1966 the National Association of Food Chains (NAFC) held a meeting where they discussed the idea of automated checkout systems. RCA had purchased rights to the original Woodland patent, attended the meeting and initiated an internal project to develop a system based on the bullseye code. The Kroger grocery chain volunteered to test it.

In mid-1970s, the NAFC established the U.S. Supermarket Ad Hoc Committee on a Uniform Grocery Product Code, which set guidelines for barcode development and created a symbol selection subcommittee to help standardize the approach. In cooperation with consulting firm McKinsey & Co., they developed a standardized 11-digit code to identify any product. The committee then sent out a contract tender to develop a barcode system to print and read the code. The request went to Singer, National Cash Register (NCR), Litton Industries, RCA, Pitney-Bowes, IBM and many others.[7] A wide variety of barcode approaches were studied, including linear codes, RCA's bullseye concentric circle code, starburst patterns and others.

In the spring of 1971 RCA demonstrated their bullseye code at another industry meeting. IBM executives at the meeting noticed the crowds at the RCA booth and immediately developed their own system. IBM marketing specialist Alec Jablonover remembered that the company still employed Woodland, and he established a new facility in North Carolina to lead development.

In July 1972 RCA began an eighteen-month test in a Kroger store in Cincinnati. Barcodes were printed on small pieces of adhesive paper, and attached by hand by store employees when they were adding price tags. The code proved to have a serious problem. During printing, presses sometimes smear ink in the direction the paper is running, rendering the code unreadable in most orientations. A linear code, like the one being developed by Woodland at IBM, however, was printed in the direction of the stripes, so extra ink simply makes the code "taller" while remaining readable, and on 3 April 1973 the IBM UPC was selected by NAFC as their standard. IBM had designed five versions of the UPC symbology for future industry requirements: UPC A, B, C, D, and E.
NCR installed a testbed system at Marsh's Supermarket in Troy, Ohio, near the factory that was producing the equipment. On 26 June 1974, Clyde Dawson pulled a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit gum out of his basket and it was scanned by Sharon Buchanan at 8:01 am. The pack of gum and the receipt are now on display in the Smithsonian Institution. It was the first commercial appearance of the UPC.

In 1971 IBM had assembled a team for an intensive planning session, day after day, 12 to 18 hours a day, to thrash out how the whole system might operate and to schedule a roll-out plan. By 1973 they were meeting with grocery manufacturers to introduce the symbol that would need to be printed on the packaging or labels of all of their products. There were no cost savings for a grocery to use it unless at least 70% of the grocery's products had the barcode printed on the product by the manufacturer. IBM was projecting that 75% would be needed in 1975. Even though that was achieved, there were still scanning machines in fewer than 200 grocery stores by 1977.

Economic studies conducted for the grocery industry committee projected over $40 million in savings to the industry from scanning by the mid-1970s. Those numbers were not achieved in that time-frame and some predicted the demise of barcode scanning. The usefulness of the barcode required the adoption of expensive scanners by a critical mass of retailers while manufacturers simultaneously adopted barcode labels. Neither wanted to move first and results were not promising for the first couple of years, with Business Week proclaiming "The Supermarket Scanner That Failed."

Experience with barcode scanning in those stores revealed additional benefits. The detailed sales information acquired by the new systems allowed greater responsiveness to customer needs. This was reflected in the fact that about 5 weeks after installing barcode scanners, sales in grocery stores typically started climbing and eventually leveled off at a 10–12% increase in sales that never dropped off. There also was a 1–2% decrease in operating cost for the stores that enabled them to lower prices to increase market share. It was shown in the field that the return on investment for a barcode scanner was 41.5%. By 1980, 8,000 stores per year were converting.

The global public launch of the barcode was greeted with minor skepticism from conspiracy theorists, who considered barcodes to be an intrusive surveillance technology, and from some Christians who thought the codes hid the number 666, representing the number of the beast. Television host Phil Donahue described barcodes as a "corporate plot against consumers".

==Industrial adoption==
In 1981, the United States Department of Defense adopted the use of Code 39 for marking all products sold to the United States military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS), is still used by DoD and is widely viewed as the catalyst for widespread adoption of barcoding in industrial uses.

==Uses==
Barcodes such as the UPC have become a ubiquitous element of modern civilization, as evidenced by their enthusiastic adoption by stores around the world; most items other than fresh produce from a grocery store now have UPC barcodes] This helps track items and also reduces instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can now print their own barcodes. In addition, retail chain membership cards (issued mostly by grocery stores and specialty "big box" retail stores such as sporting equipment, office supply, or pet stores) use barcodes to uniquely identify consumers, allowing for customized marketing and greater understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can get product discounts or special marketing offers through the address or e-mail address provided at registration.

Barcodes can allow for the organization of large amounts of data. They are widely used in the healthcare and hospital settings, ranging from patient identification (to access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.) to creating SOAP Notes with barcodes to medication management. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications, track the organization of species in biology, and integrate with in-motion checkweighers to identify the item being weighed in a conveyor line for data collection.

They can also be used to keep track of objects and people; they are used to keep track of rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste, registered mail, express mail and parcels. Barcoded tickets allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and are used to record the arrival and departure of vehicles from rental facilities etc. This can allow proprietors to identify duplicate or fraudulent tickets more easily. Barcodes are widely used in shop floor control applications software where employees can scan work orders and track the time spent on a job.

Barcodes are also used in some kinds of non-contact 1D and 2D position sensors. A series of barcodes are used in some kinds of absolute 1D linear encoder. The barcodes are packed close enough together that the reader always has one or two barcodes in its field of view. The relative position of the barcode in the field of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with sub-pixel resolution. The data decoded from the barcode gives the absolute coarse position. An "address carpet", such as Howell's binary pattern and the Anoto dot pattern, is a 2D barcode designed so that a reader, even though only a tiny portion of the complete carpet is in the field of view of the reader, can find its absolute X,Y position and rotation in the carpet.

Some 2D barcodes embed a hyperlink to a web page. A capable cellphone might be used to read the pattern and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper find the best price for an item in the vicinity. Since 2005, airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding passes (BCBP), and since 2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes.

Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of use; In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper (Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte are barcode symbologies specifically designed for this application), and the 1991 Barcode Battler computer game system used any standard barcode to generate combat statistics.

In the 21st century, many artists have started using barcodes in art, such as Scott Blake's Barcode Jesus, as part of the post-modernism movement.

==Video==
<youtube>R9wRbueFkQ0</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode#Universal_Product_Code Wikipedia Barcode]

File:Barcode Labels 02.gif

2013-10-06T11:27:56Z

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File:Barcode Labels 01.jpg

2013-10-06T11:27:54Z

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Dosing Units

2013-10-03T19:18:30Z

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[[Category:Dosing]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Dosing units.jpg|thumb|right|Dosing Units]]
[[File:Dosing_Units_01.jpg|thumb|right|Dosing Units outline]]
'''Dosing Units''' are the result of meticulous design work: maximum attention has been paid to ease of use and reliability. The control unit is based on a microprocessor, which makes programming very flexible, and a motorised screw controlled by inverter, thus ensuring high performance. An important feature of this equipment is the ability to directly set the dosing percentage. It does not require maintenance and offers long-term reliability.

==History==
* 2006 – Ducane R&D Pty Ltd conceived the idea of a device that can store wastewater and release it in large batches to replace the drain clearing action of large volume toilet flushes.
* 2010 – After much prototyping and development the devices are offered for sale in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom under the name Drainwave.

==Performance==
Independent testing has shown that the use of an SDU allows for the use of low flush toilets using as little as 0.8 L to push general waste solids more than 25 metres along a typical wastewater drainpipe. One report showed that the maximum distance that a water saving 3 litre flush toilet can push solids was 10 metres after about 10 consecutive flushes, with the addition of an SDU this increased to about 20 metres on the first flush and past 25 metres with a second flush.

An advantage of the SDU is that it can use more than just the toilet wastewater to clear the drains. This will keep drains clear of solids and prevent drainline blockages from occurring more effectuvely than.

==Video==
<youtube>H0UkUmzhydo</youtube>

File:Dosing Units 01.jpg

2013-10-03T19:17:52Z

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Dry Granulators

2013-10-03T19:04:25Z

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[[Category:Particle Formation]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Dry_Granulators_01.jpg|thumb|right|Outline of a typical dry granulator]]
[[File:Dry_Granulators_02.jpg|thumb|right|Inside view of a dry granulator]]
'''Dry granulators''' are used for dry granulation process. The dry granulation process is used to form granules without using a liquid solution because the product to be granulated may be sensitive to moisture and heat. Forming granules without moisture requires compacting and densifying the powders. In this process the primary powder particles are aggregated under high pressure. Sweying granulator or high shear mixer-granulator can be used for the dry granulation.

Dry granulation can be conducted under two processes; either a large tablet (slug) is produced in a heavy duty tabletting press or the powder is squeezed between two rollers to produce a sheet of materials (roller compactor, commonly referred to as a chilsonator).

When a tablet press is used for dry granulation, the powders may not possess enough natural flow to feed the product uniformly into the die cavity, resulting in varying degrees of densification. The roller compactor (granulator-compactor) uses an auger-feed system that will consistently deliver powder uniformly between two pressure rollers. The powders are compacted into a ribbon or small pellets between these rollers and milled through a low-shear mill. When the product is compacted properly, then it can be passed through a mill and final blend before tablet compression.

==Video==
<youtube>WAfH65Oxwck</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulation_%28process%29#Dry_granulation Wikipedia Dry Granulator]

File:Dry Granulators 02.jpg

2013-10-03T19:03:01Z

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File:Dry Granulators 01.jpg

2013-10-03T19:02:16Z

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Canvas Bags

2013-08-02T18:26:49Z

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[[Category:Packages]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Canvas_Bags_01.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Canvas Bags]]
[[File:Canvas_Bags_02.jpg|thumb|right|Canvas Bag]]
A simple '''canvas bag''' is one tool that everybody can easily work into their weekly routine to make a small environmental act. There are so many routine shopping activities we find ourselves doing in the course of a week - errands to pick up flea shampoo for the dog, to find that catcher's mitt for the kid's baseball team, or pick up treats for your book club. What is one thing that these shopping expeditions frequently have in common?
Excess packaging. Namely, shopping bags!

How many occasions have you experienced where you purchased nothing but a gallon of milk from the store, just to find yourself walking out of the store with a plastic bag hanging off the end of your arm? I can't even begin to understand why a grocery clerk may provide a bag in that circumstance - what is that handle for on the gallon jug, anyway? But regardless of the reasoning, there are simple solutions.

Obviously, in the above example, the simplest solution is to refuse the bag - it's hardly necessary! However, there are frequently situations where that's not such a ready option. Thus, the wisdom of providing your own bag.

A bag you provide for yourself has many advantages - if you've constructed yourself a nice sturdy canvas or nylon bag, you have much less worry that your groceries may end up strewn about the parking lot!
Making certain you remember to take a bag with you on a quick errand is a wholly different challenge, of course. There is an advantage to having several bags - you can keep one or two in your car (if you're not using public transit, that is), keep a couple hanging by the door, and perhaps keep a smaller bag (nylon rolls up very tightly!) in your coat pocket for sudden trips.

==Video==
<youtube>EVh15aUt8-c</youtube>

Canvas Bags

2013-08-02T18:24:05Z

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[[Category:Packages]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Canvas_Bags_01.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Canvas Bags]]
[[File:Canvas_Bags_02.jpg|thumb|right|Canvas Bag]]
The '''canvas bag''' is a container made out of Canvas, and has 27 item slots. This is the same amount of slots available in a single chest. The canvas bag can be dyed with any dye to give it a specific color. Once dyed, it can be re-dyed. This will not alter their inventory. Canvas bags cannot be placed inside each other. If the canvas bag is removed from the hotbar while open, it will automatically be thrown on the ground.

Each Canvas require 8 pieces of string, making the Canvas Bag require a stack of string. The player must kill spiders, farm Henequen Seeds, or farm Flax Seeds. Alternatively you can create string by using Wool harvested from sheep in either a Macerator or a Pulverizer, both of which yield 2 string per wool block, or a Wool Card, yielding 4 string per wool block.

==Why Canvas Bags==
A simple canvas bag is one tool that everybody can easily work into their weekly routine to make a small environmental act. There are so many routine shopping activities we find ourselves doing in the course of a week - errands to pick up flea shampoo for the dog, to find that catcher's mitt for the kid's baseball team, or pick up treats for your book club.

==Video==
<youtube>EVh15aUt8-c</youtube>

File:Canvas Bags 02.jpg

2013-08-02T18:23:01Z

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File:Canvas Bags 01.jpg

2013-08-02T18:23:00Z

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Bench Scales

2013-08-02T17:54:14Z

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[[Category:Weighing]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Bench_Scale_01.jpg|thumb|right|Bench Scale]]
[[File:Bench_Scale_02.jpg|thumb|right|Moving Bench Scale]]

'''Bench scales''' are scales that weigh on a platform, unlike "toploaders", where you place the weight on top of the scale. The benefit of buying a bench scale is the pillar that lifts the indicator to a height that is easy to read. They are also much more durable, and often times come in much higher capacities.

==Video==
<youtube>R9IVq11U8ww</youtube>

File:Bench Scale 02.jpg

2013-08-02T17:53:19Z

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File:Bench Scale 01.jpg

2013-08-02T17:53:16Z

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ATEX Scales

2013-07-31T15:13:33Z

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[[Category:Weighing]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:ATEX_Scales_01.jpg|thumb|right|Hanging ATEX Scale]]
[[File:ATEX_Scales_02.jpg|thumb|right|Standing ATEX Scale]]
'''ATEX scales''' are suitable for use in different types of fuel and gas stations, warehouses and hazardous areas. The capacity of the scales ranges between 3 kg and 600 kg. All scales are equiped with stainless steel loading platform and approved aluminium single point load cell with protection from dust and moisture according to IP65 standards. The electronic indicator is designed and approved for use in hazardous and potentialy explosive areas.

==Applications:==
*Use in explosive areas;

*Weighing in fuel and gas stations;

*Use in hazardous production areas;

*Use in warehouses;

*Weighing in hazardous zones;

==Video==
<youtube>6KiGuLbSZQw</youtube>

File:ATEX Scales 02.jpg

2013-07-31T15:12:02Z

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File:ATEX Scales 01.jpg

2013-07-31T15:08:12Z

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Breaker Feeders

2013-07-31T14:32:12Z

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[[Category:Feeders]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Breaker_feeder_01.jpg|thumb|right|Sample Breaker Feeder]]
[[File:Breaker_feeder_02.jpg|thumb|right|Breaker Feeder with components]]
The '''breaker feeder''' is typically used in opencast coal mining to link the mobile and stationary equipments of the section. It evens the flow of coal onto the conveyor belt and breaks the coal down to a manageable size thus increasing opencast production.

The main structure of the feeder breaker comprises of two components: (1) the Inlet Frame and (2) the Under Carriage. The Inlet Frame is the receiving end of the frame in which coal is fed by the dumper through a hopper. The Under Carriage forms the drive end of the conveyor. A single crusher drum is centrally mounted and crushed coal is discharged to a belt conveyor from the elevated end of the Under Carriage. A coal dust suppressing system has been provided to reduce pollution.

==Special characteristics:==
*The feeder breaker is provided with an automatic centralised greased lubrication system to ensure proper, trouble free running;

*The crusher drum and gear box are coupled through a shear-head arrangement to prevent excessive load on the gear box;

*A hydraulic hammer with swivel arm is fitted near the crusher drum to tackle abnormal size coal lumps; and

*A speed monitor is mounted directly on the shaft of the crusher drum.

==Video==
<youtube>kVpinMQh2D4</youtube>

File:Breaker feeder 02.jpg

2013-07-31T14:31:13Z

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File:Breaker feeder 01.jpg

2013-07-31T14:31:12Z

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High Temperature Screw Conveyors

2013-07-31T14:22:04Z

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[[Category:Screw Conveying]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:High_temperature_screw_conveyors_02.jpg|thumb|right|High Temperature Screw Conveyor]]
[[File:High_temperature_screw_conveyors_01.jpg|thumb|right|High Temperature flat screw conveyor]]
'''High Temperature screw Conveyors''' are made of many of the available heat-resistant alloys. Several of the stainless steels and other highchrome alloys are particularly suitable for this service.

==Video==
<youtube>_qqo6I5TkT4</youtube>

File:High temperature screw conveyors 02.jpg

2013-07-31T14:20:21Z

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File:High temperature screw conveyors 01.jpg

2013-07-31T14:20:15Z

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Paint

2013-07-28T10:37:38Z

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[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Paint_01.jpg|thumb|right|Different Paint Jar]]
[[File:Paint_02.jpg|thumb|right|Painting with real Paint]]
'''Paint''' is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, is converted to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color or provide texture to objects.

==History==
In 2011, South African archeologists reported finding a 100,000 year old human-made ochre-based mixture which could have been used like paint. Cave paintings drawn with red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.

Ancient colored walls at Dendera, Egypt, which were exposed for years to the elements, still possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance, and applied them separate from each other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white then traced the design in black, leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used minium for red, and generally of a dark tinge.

Pliny mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of Ardea, which had been done prior to the foundation of Rome. He expresses great surprise and admiration at their freshness, after the lapse of so many centuries.

Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it is applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as a base.

A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is Ham House in Surrey, England, where a primer was used along with several undercoats and an elaborate decorative overcoat; the pigment and oil mixture would have been ground into a paste with a mortar and pestle. The process was done by hand by the painter and exposed them to lead poisoning due to the white-lead powder.

In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colours" in England. Although it is not known precisely how it operated, it was a device that increased the efficiency of pigment grinding dramatically. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was advertising exceptionally low priced paints that had been ground with labour saving technology:

<i>One Pound of Colour ground in a Horse-Mill will paint twelve Yards of Work, whereas Colour ground any other Way, will not do half that Quantity.</i>

By the proper onset of the Industrial Revolution, paint was being ground in steam powered mills and an alternative to lead based pigments was found in a white derivative of zinc oxide. Interior house painting increasingly became the norm as the 19th century progressed, both for decorative reasons and because the paint was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp. Linseed oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder.
In 1866, Sherwin-Williams in the United States opened as a large paint-maker and invented a paint that could be used from the tin without preparation.

It was not until the stimulus of World War II created a shortage of linseed oil in the supply markets that artificial resins, or alkyds, were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they also held the color well and lasted for a long time.

==Components==
===Binder, vehicle, or resins===
The binder, commonly called the vehicle, is the film-forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be present. Components listed below are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film.

The binder imparts adhesion and strongly influences such properties as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.

Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, or oils. Binders can be categorized according to the mechanisms for drying or curing. Although drying may refer to evaporation of the solvent or thinner, it usually refers to oxidative cross-linking of the binders and is indistinguishable from curing. Some paints form by solvent evaporation only, but most rely on cross-linking processes.

Paints that dry by solvent evaporation and contain the solid binder dissolved in a solvent are known as lacquers. A solid film forms when the solvent evaporates, and because the film can re-dissolve in solvent, lacquers are unsuitable for applications where chemical resistance is important. Classic nitrocellulose lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of dyes dissolved in solvent and more modern acrylic-based coatings such as 5-ball Krylon aerosol. Performance varies by formulation, but lacquers generally tend to have better UV resistance and lower corrosion resistance than comparable systems that cure by polymerization or coalescence.

The paint type known as Emulsion in the UK and Latex in the USA is a water-borne dispersion of sub-micrometer polymer particles. These terms in their respective countries cover all paints that use synthetic polymers such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic (PVA), styrene acrylic, etc. as binders. The term "latex" in the context of paint in the USA simply means an aqueous dispersion; latex rubber from the rubber tree is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared by emulsion polymerization. Such paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water, and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the binder particles and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint will not redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. The residual surfactants in paint as well as hydrolytic effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water. The general term of latex paint is usually used in the USA, while the term emulsion paint is used for the same products in the UK and the term latex paint is not used at all. Paints that cure by oxidative crosslinking are generally single package coatings. When applied, the exposure to oxygen in the air starts a process that crosslinks and polymerizes the binder component. Classic alkyd enamels would fall into this category. Oxidative cure coatings are catalyzed by metal complex driers such as cobalt naphthenate.

Paints that cure by polymerization are generally one or two package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction and which cure into a crosslinked film. Depending on composition they may need to dry first, by evaporation of solvent. Classic two package epoxies or polyurethanes would fall into this category.
There are paints called plastisols/organosols, which are made by blending PVC granules with a plasticiser. These are stoved and the mix coalesces.

Other films are formed by cooling of the binder. For example, encaustic or wax paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases, they will resoften or liquify if reheated.
Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and alternative means of curing have been developed, particularly for industrial purposes. In UV curing paints, the solvent is evaporated first, and hardening is then initiated by ultraviolet light. In powder coatings there is little or no solvent, and flow and cure are produced by heating of the substrate after electrostatic application of the dry powder.

===Diluent or Solvent===
The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the polymer and adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and in some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarily—once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed to the surface.

This component is optional: some paints have no diluent.

Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types.
Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirit. Specific examples are organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents.

===Pigment or Filler===
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness, texture, give the paint special properties, or to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments.
Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas.

Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barytes, clay, etc. Floor paints that will be subjected to abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.

Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.

===Additives===

Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet provide a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigment stability, impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth, and the like.
Additives normally do not significantly alter the percentages of individual components in a formulation.

===Color changing paint===
Various technologies exist for making paints that change color. Thermochromic paints and coatings contain materials that change conformation when heat is applied, and so they change color. Liquid crystals have been used in such paints, such as in the thermometer strips and tapes used in aquaria. Photochromic paints and coatings contain dyes that change conformation when the film is exposed to UV light, and so they change color. These materials are used to make eyeglasses.

Color changing paints can also be made by adding halochrome compounds or other organic pigments. One patent cites use of these indicators for wall coating applications for light colored paints. When the paint is wet it is pink in color but upon drying it regains its original white color. As cited in patent, this property of the paint enabled two or multiple coats to be applied on a wall properly and evenly. The previous coat/s having dried would be white whereas the new wet coat would be distinctly pink. Ashland Inc. introduced foundry refractory coatings with similar principle in 2005 for use in foundries.

Electrochromic paints change color in response to an applied electric current. Car manufacturer Nissan has been reportedly working on an electrochromic paint, based on particles of paramagnetic iron oxide. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles change spacing, modifying their color and reflective properties. The electromagnetic field would be formed using the conductive metal of the car body. Electrochromic paints can be applied to plastic substrates as well, using a different coating chemistry. The technology involves using special dyes that change conformation when an electric current is applied across the film itself. Recently, this new technology has been used to achieve glare protection at the touch of a button in passenger airplane windows.

==Failure of a paint==
The main reasons of paint failure after application on surface are the applicator and improper treatment of surface.

Application Defects can be attributed to:

===Dilution===
This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per manufacturers recommendation. There can be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution with the incorrect diluent.
Contamination.

Foreign contaminants added without the manufacturers consent which results in various film defects.

===Peeling/Blistering===
Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before application and inherent moisture/dampness being present in the substrate.

===Chalking===
Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint film on the painted surface. The primary reason for the problem is polymer degradation of the paint matrix due to exposure of UV radiation in sunshine and condensation from dew. The degree of chalking varies as epoxies react quickly while acrylics and polyurethanes can remain unchanged for long periods. The degree of chalking can be assessed according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part 6 or 7 or American Society of Testing and Materials(ASTM) Method D4214 (Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films).

===Cracking===
Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or contraction of paint coats. It usually happens when the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry completely before the next coat is applied. The degree of cracking can be assessed according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part 4 or ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints).

===Erosion===
Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external agents like air,water etc. It can be evaluated using ASTM Method ASTM D662 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints).

===Blistering===
Blistering is due to improper surface exposure of paint to strong sunshine. The degree of blistering can be assessed according to ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints).

==Dangers==
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paint are considered harmful to the environment and especially for people who work with them on a regular basis. Exposure to VOCs has been related to organic solvent syndrome, although this relation has been somewhat controversial.

In the US, environmental regulations, consumer demand, and advances in technology led to the development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints and finishes. These new paints are widely available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and cost-effectiveness while having significantly less impact on human and environmental health.

==Video==
<youtube>BNczUiulVGI</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint Wikipedia Paint]

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Protective Coatings

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[[File:Protective_Coatings_01.jpg|thumb|right|Applying protective coating]]
[[File:Protective_Coatings_02.jpg|thumb|right|Protective coating used in iron pipe]]
'''Protective coatings''' or protective finishing coats are substances or chemical compositions applied to the surface of an object that provides a barrier of protection from external elements. Polishes use a highly refined abrasive (generally finer than 4,000 grit) that is suspended in a liquid carrier. The polish wears away the surface to create a smooth surface. The smoother the surface the higher the resulting gloss or perceived "shine". A protective finishing coat is applied after polishing to preserve the surface and help resist further oxidation or weathering. Effective finishing coatings penetrate the surface pores and use these pores to which the protective film anchors to.

==Video==
<youtube>eE-Tzh83fQ8</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_finishing_coat Wikipedia protective coat]

Protective Coatings

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[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Protective_Coatings_01.jpg|thumb|right|Applying protective coating]]
[[File:Protective_Coatings_02.jpg|thumb|right|Protective coating used in iron pipe]]
'''Protective coatings''' or protective finishing coats are substances or chemical compositions applied to the surface of an object that provides a barrier of protection from external elements. Polishes use a highly refined abrasive (generally finer than 4,000 grit) that is suspended in a liquid carrier. The polish wears away the surface to create a smooth surface. The smoother the surface the higher the resulting gloss or perceived "shine". A protective finishing coat is applied after polishing to preserve the surface and help resist further oxidation or weathering. Effective finishing coatings penetrate the surface pores and use these pores to which the protective film anchors to.

==Video==
<youtbe>eE-Tzh83fQ8</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_finishing_coat Wikipedia protective coat]

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Spray Paint

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[[File:Spray_Paint_01.jpg|thumb|right|Spray Paint sample]]
[[File:Spray_Paint_02.jpg|thumb|right|Sample of Spray Paint Cane]]

'''Spray painting''' is a painting technique where a device sprays a coating (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails or fine art. Air gun spraying uses equipment that is generally larger. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can be either automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. Single color aerosol paint cans are portable and easy to store.

==History==
Francis Davis Millet is generally credited with the invention of spray painting. In 1892, working under extremely tight deadlines to complete construction of the World's Columbian Exposition, Daniel Burnham appointed Millet to replace the fair's official director of color, William Pretyman. Pretyman had resigned following a dispute with Burnham. After experimenting, Millet settled on a mix of oil and white lead that could be applied using a hose and special nozzle, which would take considerably less time than traditional brush painting.

In 1949, Edward Seymour developed spray paint that could be delivered from an aerosol can.

==Types==
===Air gun spraying===
This process occurs when paint is applied to an object through the use of an air-pressurized spray gun. The air gun has a nozzle, paint basin, and air compressor. When the trigger is pressed the paint mixes with the compressed air stream and is released in a fine spray.

Due to a wide range of nozzle shapes and sizes, the consistency of the paint can be varied. The shape of the workpiece and the desired paint consistency and pattern are important factors when choosing a nozzle. The three most common nozzles are the full cone, hollow cone, and flat stream. There are two types of air-gun spraying processes. In a manual operation method the air-gun sprayer is held by a skilled operator, about 6 to 10 inches (15–25 cm) from the object, and moved back and forth over the surface, each stroke overlapping the previous to ensure a continuous coat. In an automatic process the gun head is attached to a mounting block and delivers the stream of paint from that position. The object being painted is usually placed on rollers or a turntable to ensure overall equal coverage of all sides.

===HVLP (High Volume Low Pressure)===
This is similar to a conventional spray gun using a compressor to supply the air, but the spray gun itself requires a lower pressure (LP). A higher volume (HV) of air is used to aerosolise and propel the paint at lower air pressure. The result is a higher proportion of paint reaching the target surface with reduced overspray, materials consumption, and air pollution. A regulator is often required so that the air pressure from a conventional compressor can be lowered for the HVLP spray gun. Alternatively a turbine unit (commonly containing a vacuum cleaner derived motor) can be used to propel the air without the need for an air line running to the compressor.

A rule of thumb puts two thirds of the coating on the substrate and one third in the air. True HVLP guns use 8–20 cfm (13.6–34 m3/hr), and an industrial compressor with a minimum of 5 horsepower (3.7 kW) output is required. HVLP spray systems are used in the automotive, decorative, marine, architectural coating, furniture finishing, scenic painting and cosmetic industries.
LVLP (Low Volume Low Pressure)

Like HVLP, these spray guns also operate at a lower pressure (LP), but they use a low volume (LV) of air when compared to conventional and HVLP equipment. This is a further effort at increasing the transfer efficiency (amount of coating that ends up on the target surface) of spray guns, while decreasing the amount of compressed air consumption.

===Electrostatic spray painting===
Electrostatic painting was first patented in the U.S. by Harold Ransburg in the late 1940s. Harold Ransburg founded Ransburg Electrostatic Equipment and discovered that electrostatic spray painting was an immediate success as manufacturers quickly perceived the substantial materials savings that could be achieved. In electrostatic spray painting or powder coating, the atomized particles are made to be electrically charged, thereby repelling each other and spreading themselves evenly as they exit the spray nozzle. The object being painted is charged oppositely or grounded. The paint is then attracted to the object giving a more even coat than wet spray painting, and also greatly increasing the percentage of paint that sticks to the object. This method also means that paint covers hard to reach areas. The whole may then be baked to properly attach the paint: the powder turns into a type of plastic. Car body panels and bike frames are two examples where electrostatic spray painting is often used.
Air assisted airless spray guns.

These use air pressure and fluid pressure 300 to 3,000 pounds per square inch (2,100–21,000 kPa) to achieve atomization of the coating. This equipment provides high transfer and increased application speed and is most often used with flat-line applications in factory finish shops.
The fluid pressure is provided by an airless pump, which allows much heavier materials to be sprayed than is possible with an airspray gun. Compressed air is introduced into the spray from an airless tip (nozzle) to improve the fineness of atomisation. Some electric airless sprayers are fitted with a compressor to allow the use of an air assisted airless gun in situations where portability is important.

===Airless spray guns===
These operate connected to a high pressure pump commonly found using 300 to 7,500 pounds per square inch (2,100–52,000 kPa) pressure to atomize the coating, using different tip sizes to achieve desired atomization and spray pattern size. This type of system is used by contract painters to paint heavy duty industrial, chemical and marine coatings and linings.

===Automated linear spray systems===
Manufacturers who mass-produce wood products use automated spray systems, allowing them to paint materials at a very high rate with a minimum of personnel. Automated spray systems usually incorporate a paint-saving system which recovers paint not applied to the products. Commonly, linear spray systems are for products which are lying flat on a conveyor belt and then fed into a linear spray system, where automated spray guns are stationed above. When the material is directly below the guns, the guns begin to paint the material. Materials consist of lineal parts usually less than 12 inches (30 cm) wide, such as window frames, wood moulding, baseboard, casing, trim stock and any other material that is simple in design. These machines are commonly used to apply stain, sealer, and lacquer. They can apply water- or solvent-based coatings. In recent years ultraviolet-cured coatings have become commonplace in profile finishing, and there are machines particularly suited to this type of coating.

===Automated flatline spray systems===
Mass produced material is loaded on a conveyor belt where it is fed into one of these flatline machines. Flatline machines are designed to specifically paint material that is less than 4 inches (10 cm) thick and complex in shape, for example a kitchen cabinet door or drawer front. Spray guns are aligned above the material and the guns are in motion in order to hit all the grooves of the material. The guns can be moved in a cycle, circle, or can be moved back and forth in order to apply paint evenly across the material. Flatline systems are typically large and can paint doors, kitchen cabinets, and other plastic or wooden products.

===Spray booth===
A spray booth is a pressure controlled closed environment, used to paint vehicles in a body shop. To ensure the ideal working conditions (temperature, air flow and humidity), these environments are equipped with one or more groups of ventilation, consisting of one or more motors and one or more burners to heat the air blown. In order to assist in the removal of the oversprayed paint from the air and to provide efficient operation of the down-draft, water-washed paint spray booths utilize paint detackifying chemical agents.

==Video==
<youtube>7lVgwoK6cMY</youtube>

==Source==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting wikipedia spray paint]

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Abrasion-resistant Coatings

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[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Abrasion-resistant_Coatings_01.jpg|thumb|right|Abbrasion Resistant Coating tools]]
[[File:Abrasion-resistant_Coatings_02.jpg|thumb|right|Abbrasion Resistant Coating pipe]]
'''Abrasion-resistant Coatings''' help to avoid the wearing away of parts and equipment due to mechanical or contact related forces. Abrasion, also known as grinding or wearing away due to friction, is a factor on any industrial part, no matter the hardness. Abrasion resistant coatings help to minimize the effect of friction on the outer surface of metal parts. These offer four different options for your abrasion restant coating solutions:
With the help of abrasion resistant coatings, hardness is only the beginning. Each of its four options help components maintain more conformity with specified dimensional tolerances, while maintaining a profitable mix between bond strength, coverage reliability, dimensional stability and cost effectiveness.

Conventional abrasion-resistant coatings often feature metal oxide particles incorporated within the resin film to suppress marring, scratching or abrading of the coating. Alumina is the preferred oxide for this purpose due to its extreme hardness (9 on the Mohs scale), and relatively low cost. The drawback to such alumina-containing films is that, although the abrasion resistance is often improved, the transparency of the coating is compromised due to the light scattering of the micron-sized alumina particles used.

However, the use of nanometer-sized alumina in such coatings offers a solution to this problem since the particles are less than 100 nm in diameter, and thereby greatly reduces haze from light scattering. In addition, the alumina particles produced in the PVS process are spherical, which, combined with their small and uniform size, yields a more even film surface to further enhance the scratch resistance of the coating.

The abrasion resistance properties of nanocrystalline alumina were evaluated by incorporating the particles in a crosslinked melamine-formaldehyde resin. Because melamine-formaldehyde resins are transparent and very hard, they are often used as protective coatings on non-flexible surfaces such as furniture and flooring. The alumina was first dispersed in water to disrupt the loose powder agglomerates, and then surface treated to attach functional groups to the oxide surface. The surface functionalization process was designed to prevent particle agglomeration during the film curing process.

A TEM image of the coated alumina particles is shown in Figure 1. As the image shows, the spherical alumina particles are each coated with a thin uniform layer approximately 0.5-1 nm thick. The coated alumina particles were blended with the aqueous melamine-formaldehyde resin system at the desired concentration, from which films were drawn down on glass substrates at 1 mil thickness and cured by heating at 150oC for 15 minutes. The cured film thickness was 9.6 mm.

==Video==
<youtube>ufkEJ5OpFtI</youtube>

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Ceramic Lined Materials

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[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:‎‎Ceramic_lined_material_01.jpg|thumb|right|‎Ceramic Lined Materials]]
[[File:‎‎Ceramic_lined_materials_02.jpg|thumb|right|‎Ceramic Lined Materials]]
'''Ceramic lined materials''' provide the extra protection of ceramic, which is particularly effective in applications requiring impact and sliding abrasion resistance. These ensure wear-resistant ceramic cylinders to resilient rubber or urethane, to create tough, durable lining systems that extend wear life on your production line, while reducing maintenance and downtime. Well-suited to the rigors of crushed rock, mineral concentrates, and other abrasive materials, the lining systems are ideal for heavy-wear and impact applications.

==General features:==
*High pressure and heat during the vulcanizing process creates an incredible bond between rubber and ceramic.

*Ceramics will stay in place until completely worn.

*Thickness and formulation can very to create a custom system for your installation.

*Urethane/Ceramic liners can be an alternative solution in applications where chemicals in contact with liners can adversely affect rubber compounds.

*Can be engineered to change size, placement, and spacing of ceramic cylinders to meet the right impact level and abrasion resistance for your particular application.

-Ceramic is good for sliding abrasion

-Rubber is excellent for impact abrasion

-The combination is ideal for sliding/impact abrasions

==Video==
<youtube>w6ZVSLIFAOQ</youtube>

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Corrosion-resistant Coatings

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[[Category:Corrosion]]{{Knoppen}}
[[File:Corrosion-resistant_Coating_01.jpg|thumb|right|Corrosion-resistant Coating Nuts]]
[[File:Corrosion-resistant_Coating_02.jpg|thumb|right|People Using Corrosion-resistant Coating]]
'''Corrosion-resistant coatings''' protect metal components against degradation due to moisture, salt spray, oxidation or exposure to a variety of environmental or industrial chemicals. This anti-corrosion coating allows for added protection of metal surfaces and act as a barrier to inhibit the contact between chemical compounds or corrosive materials. Many of the coatings listed below also provide a bonus of abrasion resistance, non-stick performance and chemical protection.

With the Application of a corrosion inhibitor, the objective is to protect your Parts / Components while in storage, during transport, until assembly, or until the final sale. Essentially, you only need a small amount of protection against Rust. Here we provide some excellent examples where only a very low cost Corrosion Inhibitor was needed to protect the Parts / Components.

==Video==
<youtube>1AYcjsNfzfQ</youtube>

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Non-stick Coatings

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[[File:Non-stick_Coatings_01.jpg|thumb|right|Non-stick Coating bottle]]
[[File:Non-stick_Coatings_02.jpg|thumb|right|Non-stick Coating tools]]

A '''non-stick coating''' may be applied to a substrate to produce such a surface. One common application of non-stick coatings is cookware. Until recently PTFE (under the brand name "Teflon") dominated this market; however, due to health concerns regarding both the material (see Polymer fume fever) and its processing and application (see below regarding PFOA) its use has declined in recent years. Other coatings, including anodized aluminium and ceramics, have become popular.
Non-stick coatings are also used in lubrication applications.

==PTFE and similar compounds==
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer used in various applications including non-stick coatings. Originally developed by a DuPont-General Motors joint venture, today it is commonly known by DuPont's brand name Teflon, though other producers exist producing PTFE compounds under various other names.

Processing of PTFE in the past used to include Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as an emulsifier, however PFOA is a persistent organic pollutant and poses both environmental and health concerns, and is now being phased out of use in PTFE processing.

Non-stick coating systems often include a special treatment of the substrate. For example, Whitford Corporation's Excalibur consists of three layers of PTFE over a metallic substrate which is first grit-blasted to roughen it, then electric-arc sprayed with a proprietary stainless steel alloy. According to Whitford, the irregular surface promotes adhesion of the PTFE and also resists abrasion of the PTFE.

===Teflon===
Teflon is a trademark of DuPont used to refer to their non-stick products. While mainly being used as a trade name for PTFE, it is also used to market Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA, as "Teflon PFA") and Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP, as "Teflon FEP") compounds. DuPont's current line-up of non-stick coatings for cookware is (arranged in order of decreasing price and durability): DuPont Autograph, DuPont Teflon Platinum Pro, DuPont Teflon Platinum, DuPont Teflon Select, DuPont Teflon Xtra, DuPont Teflon Classic and DuPont Teflon with Radiance Technology.

==Video==
<youtube>dlGvIq5CAn8</youtube>

==Source==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-stick_surface Wikipedia Non-Stick Surface]